# KLOW Peptide References — Full Citation List from the Component Literature

> Full reference list for the KLOW peptide component literature. DOIs and PubMed URLs for all cited studies.

## KLOW references

All citations used across this site. Sources are the peer-reviewed primary literature and systematic reviews. See [KLOW research](/research) for context on each finding.

## References

[1] Malinda KM, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[2] Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/
[3] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/
[4] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/
[5] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/
[6] Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025;31(5):20-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/
[7] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[8] Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[9] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[10] Morris DC, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin beta4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[11] Lee WJ, Sim HB, Jang YH, Lee SJ, Kim DW, Yim SH. Efficacy of a Complex of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine Peptide on Hair Growth. Annals of Dermatology. 2016;28(4):438-443. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4969472/
[12] Philp D, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15037013/
[13] Author group. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Acute Pancreatitis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40005408/
[14] Author group. Tracheocutaneous Fistula Resolved by Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Through the NO-System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41599743/
[15] Author group. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40005999/

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A blueprint of the component literature — four peptides drawn against their own studies, the untested blend left as the one honest empty node.